Spain

Colombia established diplomatic relations with Spain in 1881. Colombia has an Embassy in Madrid and Spain, likewise, has an Embassy in Bogota. Relations between the two countries are widespread and dynamic, by virtue of the historical, cultural and human ties going back to the times of colonization, which have translated into an unshakeable political, economic and social bond.

Both countries maintain a high degree of political dialogue through reciprocal meetings between Presidents, Vice Presidents, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Ministers and Members of Parliament The most recent visit by President Santos and Minister Holguin to Spain in April 2011, presented an opportunity to reiterate the ties of friendship, boost trade and entrepreneurial relations and opened short-term perspectives for participation of Spanish investors in the infrastructure plan of the Colombian Government.  Other highly relevant topics included science, innovation and technology, as well as the construction of the Cultural Center of Spain in Bogota. 

Bilateral dialogue is backed by a Mechanism of High-Level Bilateral Political Consultations. Spain is also an ally on the multilateral scene, as a prime promoter of the Ibero American Community and the main advocate for our interests in the European Union.

Spain has been one of the most important promoters of the Trade Agreement with the European Union, which it presided at the time when the negotiations were formally concluded.

Spain is also one of the main sponsors of cooperation with Colombia, with more than 200 projects in 27 Departments and it is the third-largest destination for Colombian migrants.

Since 2001, six thousand Colombian nationals have benefitted from the Temporary Migration Program with Spanish regions within the framework of the Agreement Regulating Labor Migration Flows.  In addition, the Social Security Agreement, in force since 2008, enables Colombian immigrants to add any Social Security contributions made in Colombia to those made in Spain.

Colombia and Spain participate jointly in an extensive and diverse range of topics. However, Colombia continues working on the development of new instruments and programs on issues directly related to socio-economic development, such as education, renewable energy and energy efficiency, infrastructure, the environment and agricultural development.

Within the framework of the 21st Ibero-American Summit, held in Asunción, Paraguay, on October 29, 2011, the Colombian Chancellor, María Ángela Holguín, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation of Spain, Trinidad Jiménez García-Herrera, held a meeting for the signing of the MAP (Country Association Framework) from the Spanish Cooperation in Colombia for the 2011-2014 period.

The Country Association Framework prioritizes four sectors that will have more influence regarding the cooperation from Spain: peace building, gender in development, economic growth for poverty reduction, as well as water and sanitation. The projects will be carried out in the departments of Nariño, Cauca, Valle del Cauca, Chocó, Antioquia, Bolívar, as well as in the Snowy Mountain Range of Saint Martha and Bogotá.

The agreements signed with Spain include:

• Agreement for Judicial Cooperation in Criminal Matters.
• Additional Protocol amending the double nationality agreement of 27 June 1979 and exchange of Notes correcting the title and the first paragraph.
• Agreement on cooperation in the prevention of improper use and the control of illicit traffic in narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
• Amendment Protocol to the "Extradition Agreement".
• Exchange of notes with respect to reciprocal acceptance of driving permits.
• Memorandum of understanding establishing mechanisms for political discussions.
• Social Security Agreement.
• Convention on extradition of offenders.
• Additional treaty of peace and friendship.
• Convention for the protection of intellectual property.
• Framework treaty on mutual judicial cooperation.
• Additional Protocol to the dual nationality Convention of 27 June 1979.
• Reciprocal Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement.
• Cooperation Agreement on Tourism.
• Convention between the Kingdom of Spain and the Republic of Colombia to avoid double taxation and prevent evasion of income and wealth taxes.
• Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the Kingdom of Spain on participation in municipal elections.

United Kingdom

Relations with the United Kingdom of Great Britain were established on 18 April 1825. Since that time, relations have always been smooth, fruitful and constructive, and are currently at their highest point. The Embassy in the United Kingdom is located in London and is concurrent for Ireland.

Broad high-level political dialogue and an extensive network of contacts at the technical level are key elements to the relationship. The visit to London by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in July 2011 and that of the President toward the end of the year, are just two examples reflecting this fact. Likewise, it is important to highlight the two visits by Jeremy Browne, British State Minister for Latin America (in August 2010 and May 2011), visits by members of Parliament and government officials and the ongoing meetings between high delegates attending international events.

The most recent visit was made by the President, the Chancellor, and the Ministers of Commerce and of the Environment, the Director of Proexport and the Vice-Ministers of Higher Education and Multilateral Relations on November 21 and 22, 2011. During this visit meetings were held with the Prime Minister, David Cameron (Leader of the Conservative Party), the Deputy Prime Minister, Nick Clegg (Leader of the Liberal Democrats), Chancellor William Hague, Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles, the Labor Party Leader, Ed Miliband, the Lord Mayor of the City of London and Members of Parliament, besides attending cultural, academic and business events.

In addition, the United Kingdom and Colombia keep close communication within the framework of multilateral fora and discuss, on a permanent basis, issues included in the international and regional agenda.

Both governments agree on the importance of national goals with regard to prosperity and security and, on that basis, they jointly explore and prepare instruments and programs in the areas of Security and Defense, Education, Sports, Culture, Science and Technology, Agricultural Development, the Environment, Climate Change Risk Management, among others.

In addition it is hoped that the already considerable current trade relations will gain further momentum with the entry into force of the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union and as a result of the recent statement of the United Kingdom regarding its interest to channel its international trade and investment toward key countries, which include Colombia, Brazil and Mexico.  The United Kingdom is the second largest foreign investor in Colombia and significant investment growth is projected with the entry into force of the Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement, signed on 17 March 2010 and currently under constitutional review.

In relation to this Presidential Visit to London in 2011, it was announced that it is expected to double the trade figures and that British entrepreneurs will invest US$3.4 billion in the coming years.

With regard to cooperation, the United Kingdom provides resources mainly through civil society and international organizations, in areas such as Human Rights, Governance and Strengthening of Civil Society.

The support of the United Kingdom for the implementation of the Victims and Land Restitution Law is outstanding, particularly in matters related to the creation and start-up of the Delegate Superintendence from the Notary and Registration Superintendence, which will be in charge of the process,.

The basic current objective is the enrichment of the traditional agenda with new topics aligned with the development agenda, in order to enable the construction of a true strategic association relationship for the sake of prosperity for both parties.

Agreements in force with the United Kingdom include:

• Agreement for the establishment of air service between their respective territories and beyond, and subsequent modifications.
• Cultural agreement
• Understanding on Technical Cooperation.
• Supplemental agreement with regard to technical cooperation on teaching of the English language.
• Exchange of notes constituting an agreement authorizing relatives of a member of a diplomatic mission to work for pay.
• Memorandum of Understanding between the Civil Aviation authorities
• Extradition Treaty.
• Postal Convention.
• Exchange of Notes constituting an agreement to eliminate the requirement of tourist and transit visas.
• Memorandum of Understanding on mutual assistance with regard to illicit traffic of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.
• Memorandum of Understanding on mutual legal assistance in criminal matters.
• Arbitration agreement.
• Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland on mutual assistance in criminal matters.
• Understanding on fair and equitable treatment in the Bilateral Investment Agreement between the United Kingdom and Colombia, and Reciprocal Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement with the United Kingdom.
• Memorandum of Understanding for cooperation in education between the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and North Ireland.
• Memorandum of Understanding between Proexport and UKTI, signed in London on November 21.
• Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of National Education of Colombia and the Institute of Education from the University of London signed in London on November 21.  
• Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of National Education of Colombia and the British Council, signed in London on November 21.
• Memorandum of Understanding between COLCIENCIAS and the Institute of Education from the University of London signed in London on November 21.
• Memorandum of Understanding between COLCIENCIAS and the University of Edinburgh signed in London on November 21.  
• Inter Institutional Agreement between ICETEX ( the Mariano Ospina Pérez Colombian Institute for Education Credit and Technical Studies Abroad) and the London School of Business and Finance signed in London on November 21. 

France

Diplomatic relations between Colombia and France were established in 1830. There are diplomatic missions of both countries in Bogota and Paris respectively. France has been a natural partner in bilateral and multilateral relations.  Political dialogue takes place through regular contact between Presidents, Ministers and Chancelleries. The visit by the President in January 2011 and the Minister of Foreign Affairs in November 2010 are worthy of mention. Exchanges also take place within the framework of the mechanism of Bilateral Political Consultations established in 2007.

France, which in 2011 presides over both the G8 and the G20, has expressed its interest in involving Colombia in the execution of its work program in both groups. With respect to the G20, it has been agreed to maintain periodic information exchanges on issues of considerable interest for Europe and Latin America, such as the international monetary system, stabilization of raw material prices, reform of world governance, as well as the assessment of economic results and social progress.

Regarding the G8, France is interested in turning Colombia into an essential partner in the fight against the world drug problem, strengthening regional and international cooperation between Latin America, Africa and Europe.

Moreover, France is the largest foreign employer in Colombia and the fourth largest investor, with the presence of over 120 enterprises that provide more than 80,000 direct and 240,000 indirect jobs. Tourism from this country is significant and 27,000 French nationals visited Colombia in 2009. The level of international trade is also significant and is expected to increase with the entry into force of the Trade Agreement with the European Union.

It is also important to mention that Colombia is the second country of Latin America in terms of the number of persons studying in France. The dynamics of the scientific and university exchanges will be strengthened further through the recent acknowledgment of mutual equivalency of studies and degrees between the Colombian Association of Universities (ASCUN), the French Conference of University Presidents (CPU) and the Conference of Directors of French Engineering Schools (CDFFI), an achievement that represents a breakthrough in Latin America.

Regarding cooperation, it is important to highlight the opening of the Bogota office of the French Development Agency in 2009, which will manage funds for investment financing of regional and territorial entities.

Colombia seeks to intensify its relationship with France, with particular emphasis on the topics on the new agenda, such as renewable energy; comprehensive management of water resources; agricultural development; science, technology and innovation; and infrastructure.

Relevant agreements in force with France:

• Agreement on Technical and Scientific Cooperation.
• Protocol of Cooperation on Civil Aviation.
• Agreement on technical-military cooperation.
• Supplemental agreement on technical and scientific cooperation in the area of university cooperation.
• Agreement for mutual judicial assistance in criminal matters.
• Communiqué establishing the mechanism of bilateral political consultations.

Germany

Colombia established diplomatic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany in 1882. Our country has an Embassy in Berlin and the German Embassy is located in Bogota. Bilateral relations between Colombia and Germany have always been cordial and respectful.

Bilateral political relations have strengthened since early 2007, gaining increased momentum through numerous high-level visits in both countries. Thus, German President Horst Köhler visited Colombia in March of that year, a significant event, considering that the last visit of a President to our country dated back to 1972. Only one year later, Minister of Foreign Affairs Angela Merkel made an official visit to Colombia, accompanied by a delegation of 80 persons made up of members of Parliament, representatives of all political parties in the Federal Parliament, two ministers and a group of entrepreneurs. In March 2009, Federal Minister of Education and Research, Professor Annette Schavan visited Colombia, in order to explore the possibilities of cooperation in these areas.  Numerous members of the German Parliament, as well as representatives of German institutions and enterprises have also visited Colombia.

Colombian high-level officials, in turn, have made important visits to Germany, such as those of then President Alvaro Uribe in January 2009 and President-Elect Juan Manuel Santos in 2010. Former Vice President Francisco Santos visited Germany on several occasions and current Vice President Angelino Garzon visited Berlin in February 2011. One example of the seamlessness and importance of the current political relations is the visit of President Juan Manuel Santos to the German capital in April 2011, where outstanding results were achieved.

With regard to economic ties, it should be noted that these high-level visits have always included participation of entrepreneurs, who have carried out a varied agenda on matters related to trade and investment. Although German investment in Colombia is significant, it was somewhat affected by the economic crisis of 2009.

With respect to cultural relations between the two countries, which are based on a long-standing tradition that goes back even to the time of Natural Scientist Alexander von Humboldt, it is important to highlight the important cooperation provided by the Goethe Institute in Bogota, which recently opened its new facilities (2011), as well as the German Cultural Institutes in Medellin, Cali and Cartagena. The German schools in Bogota, Medellin, Cali, Barranquilla and Lerida contribute significantly to this cultural relationship, teaching the German language and culture and establishing important ties between the two countries. The ExpoKolumbien trade show, a one-week event held in Berlin for the first time two years ago, provided a unique opportunity to show different aspects of the Colombian culture, economy and education .

The renewed and positive dynamics within the scope of scientific-academic cooperation are also worthy of mention. The presence of Colombian students in Germany has grown significantly in a short period of time to its current number of 1,400; there has been a steady increase in the number of scholarships granted by the German Government (500 in the year 2008) and the number of German students interested in visiting our country is also on the rise, due, among other factors, to the growing number of cooperation agreements between universities of the two countries (currently more than 60). The German academic Exchange Service (DAAD for its acronym in German) decided to support the creation of a Center of Excellence in Marine Sciences (CEMARIN) in Santa Marta. This center is one of only five Centers of Excellence in the world receiving financial and technical support from Germany. The foregoing, added to the fact that the Federal Minister of Education and Research decided to include Colombia in her 2009 tour, evidences the genuine interest of Germany in our country as a true partner for cooperation in aspects related to education, science and research. This boost in scientific-academic cooperation was strengthened at the Meeting on Education, Science, Research and Innovation held during the visit of President Santos to Berlin, which was attended, not only by Minister Schavan, but by the Presidents of the politically and academically most influential education and research institutions in Germany.

Official cooperation for development is focused on two areas, as agreed between the two countries: "Crisis prevention, peacebuilding and strengthening the rule of law" and "Environmental policy and the protection and sustainable use of natural resources". This issue was included as part of the recent Intergovernmental Negotiations for Cooperation, held in Bonn in December 2010.

The following Agreements were signed during President Santos’ visit to Berlin on April 13, 2011:

• Agreement for Educational Cooperation between ICETEX (Colombian Institute for Education Credit and Technical Studies Abroad) and the DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service).

• Framework Agreement for International Cooperation between the SENA (National Learning Service) and the BIBB (Federal Institute for Vocational Education and Training).

• Memorandum of Understanding for German-Colombian Cooperation between the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft e.V (DFG) from Germany and COLCIENCIAS (Administrative Department of Science, Technology and Innovation) from Colombia.

• Joint Statement on Cooperation (Education, Science, Research and Innovation) between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the Republic of Colombia.

Relevant agreements signed with Germany:

• Exchange of Notes constituting an agreement on the abolition of visa requirements for holders of diplomatic and official passports.
• Agreement for the reciprocal protection of literary and artistic works.
• Cultural agreement.
• General agreement on technical cooperation.
• Agreement on air transport.
• Agreement for the creation of a study and expert fund.
• Memorandum of understanding for the establishment of political consultations.
• Joint statement on cooperation in the fields of education, science, research and innovation.

The Second Meeting of the Political Consultation Mechanism with Germany took place on December 6 in Berlin. The Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mónica Lanzetta, attended as the head of the Colombian delegation, and Vice Minister Emily Haber, as the head of the German delegation. Issues of bilateral, regional and multilateral interest were discussed.

Italy

The diplomatic relations between Colombia and Italy were established in 1847. Both countries have Embassies in their respective capital cities.

Diplomatic relations have been developed in different fields, particularly in matters regarding the world drug problem, alternative development, and the fight against terrorism.

During the last meeting of the Mechanism for Bilateral Consultation held in Bogota in September 2010 - the first meeting of which was held in Cartagena in April 2003 and the second one in Rome in 2005 - the Vice Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the two countries revised the Bilateral and Multi-lateral agenda and proposed new ways to face topics of common interest.

Throughout the years, Colombia has developed cultural, scientific, economic, technical and social programs at the Instituto Italo Latinoamericano – IILA (Italo-Latin American Institute), an international entity with headquarters in Rome. The links with Italy have been strengthened during the Conferences Italy-Latin America and the Caribbean, the stage where matters of common interest have been dealt with and in which Colombia once again shall have an active participation in the V version taking place in October 2011. 

In regards with the relations with the European Union and in the multilateral context, particularly with the United Nations, Italy and Colombia have held common positions and interests.

Italy has offered its support to Colombia in the Human Rights Commission and in the extension of the Generalized System of Preferences and has stated its endorsement to carry through the Trade Agreement with the European Union

Among the agreements signed with Italy, the following are noteworthy:

• Cultural agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Italy.
• Technical and scientific cooperation conventions.
• General cooperation treaty.
• Exchange of Notes through which the Italian voters resident in Colombia and the Colombian citizens resident in Italy are guaranteed their fundamental voting rights.
• Memorandum of Understanding to establish a political consultation mechanism.

• Economic, industrial and financial cooperation agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Italy.

Austria

Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Austria were established in October 1920. Their Embassies are situated in Bogota and Vienna, respectively. Austria has been a permanent ally of Colombia. During its Presidency of the European Union during the first semester of 2006, Austria gave its invaluable support to the country on the development of issues relating to the fight against illegal drugs and the CAN-EU Association Agreement.

Colombia has been deeply interested in a bilateral political dialogue. Thus, the Vice-president of the Republic officially visited Austria in March 2011 where he met with the President of the Republic, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and other high officials of the Austrian Government and Parliament.

In March 1999 a Memorandum of Understanding on High Level Political Consultations was signed by the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Colombia and Austria.

Commercial relations between the two countries have noticeably increased during the last few years, as well as Austrian foreign investment in Colombia. Eleven Austrian companies are currently present in Colombia. Likewise, several business missions have been received, the results of which have been businesses in the construction and mining industries for a significant amount of millions of Euros.

The first Meeting of the Bilateral Consultations Mechanism took place in Vienna in September 2011. It was chaired by the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia and the Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Austria. The latter stated his country’s support to the Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Colombia.

Main agreements in force:

• Memorandum of Understanding on High Level Political Consultations between the Ministries of Foreign Affairs of Colombia and Austria. 5/03/1999
• Visa elimination for holders of diplomatic, official or service passports agreement.14/01/1958

Belgium

Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Belgium started in 1873. Both countries have Embassies in the relevant capital cities.

Bilateral relations with Belgium have always been cordial and respectful. In June 2011, Minister Holguin visited Brussels and met with the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Belgium, Steven Vanackere. They discussed the Agreement to Promote Investments between Belgium, Luxemburg and Colombia as well as the Trade Agreement with the European Union.

Likewise, different topics were discussed on the international agenda, highlighting the role of Colombia as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council and on the interest of the country to enter the OECD. Apart from that, they addressed the situation of Haiti, Libya, Syria and the Great lakes region. They referred also to the renewal of relations between Colombia and its neighbors, overcoming the situation in Honduras and on UNASUR.

Important Agreements Signed with Belgium:

• Basic Convention on Technical Cooperation.
• Extradition Convention.

Bulgaria

On May 8, 1973 diplomatic relations were established between Colombia and Bulgaria. Our Embassy in Poland was concurrent to the Bulgarian Government and the Embassy of Bulgaria in Venezuela is concurrent to Colombia. Colombia has an Ad-Honorem Consulate in Sofia since 2001.

On May 18, 2009 Political Consultations at the level of Directors of the Ministries of Foreign Affairs were held in Bogota. The Director for the Americas, Hristo Gudjev, came accompanied by the Ambassador of Bulgaria to Venezuela, concurrent to Colombia and by the Director General of UNESCO, Ambassador Irina Bokova.

Main Agreements in force:

• Cultural and Scientific Cooperation Convention between the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria signed on March 17, 1972 which was enforced in 1975.
• Mutual Recognition of Titles, Diplomas and Academic Degrees Convention between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria, signed on September 16, 1982, enforced on March 19, 1985.

Czech Republic

Colombia recognized and established diplomatic relations with both the Czech Republic and with Slovakia when the division of the former Federation took place in January 1993. The Embassy in Prague remained as the representation of Colombia to the Czech Government and the handling of relations with Slovakia was transferred to the Colombian Mission in Vienna.

The dynamism of this relationship has been confirmed by the level of meetings carried out. In May, 2008 an official visit from the Prime Minister Mirek Topolanek to Colombia, reflecting the support of that country to the policies of the Colombian Government, both locally as well as internationally. Within this event, a Framework Convention on Energy and Mining as well as a Memorandum of Cooperation for the Protection of the Environment was signed. The Prime Minister was aware of the interest of Colombia in rapidly concluding the negotiations for the Association Agreement between CAN and the European Union and committed himself to support this purpose within such block.

Meetings and Visits:

• Dec/2011 the Ambassador of Czech Republic in Peru, concurrent to Colombia, H.E. Vladimir Eisenbruk, presented copies and Letters of Credentials to the Foreign Minister and the President of the Republic. The diplomat also attended meetings and made contacts in different national entities, such as the Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of National Defense, the Ministry of the Environment & Sustainable Development and the National Treasury, to discuss issues pertaining to bilateral relations and cooperation in these areas.
• Sep/2011. The Director for Europe, Mr. Alfonso Soria Mendoza, organized a Bilateral Political Consultation meeting at the Directors’ level in Prague. During said meetings, different bilateral and multilateral issues were addressed, as well as the regional situation of Colombia. Multiple contacts were made in the public and private arenas, as well as with businesspersons, investors and the academia.
• During the 65^th U.N. General Assembly, a meeting was held between Foreign Ministers Maria Angela Holguin and Karel Schwarzenberg (25-Sep/2010).
• 29-VII-2010 visit of the Director of the Department of the Americas, Katerina Fialkova.
• 24-11-2009. Meeting of Foreign Minister Bermudez with the President of the Foreign Relations Commission of the Parliament of the Czech Republic, His Excellency JAN HAMÁCEK and his entourage.
• Meeting of Presidents Uribe-Klaus, Davos Forum, in January 2009.
• 11/Dec./08 – Visit of Vice-president Santos to Prague: Presentation of Shared Responsibility. He held meetings with the Deputy Prime Minister and with the Minister of Development, as well as with the Minister of Agriculture and Prague’s Deputy Major.
• 15/May./08. Visit of Prime Minister, Mirek Topolanek. Two inter-institutional Agreements were signed: Framework for Energy and Mining Convention and Memorandum of Cooperation regarding Protection to the Environment.
• Nov./2007. Visit of the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, Helena Bambasova, on the framework of the III International Conference on Colombia, where she emphasized the interest of the Czech Government to continue actively contributing to the development of such initiatives.

Main Agreements in force:

• Cooperation Agreement between the Ministries of Defense for technology transfer, provision and maintenance of defense material.
• Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Ministries of Agriculture in agricultural, livestock, forestry, fishing and rural development areas, in force since 2002.
• “Energy Cooperation Convention” between the Ministry of Mines of Colombia and the Czech Ministry of Industry with the purpose of strengthening the energetic and mining cooperation bonds. Signed on May 15, 2008.
• “Memorandum of Cooperation for the Protection of the Environment”, with the purpose of carrying out future activities on matters relevant to their respective Ministries of the Environment of the two countries. Signed on May 15, 2008.
• Exchange of Notes through which the elimination of visas for diplomatic, official or service passports is agreed on. Signed on May 3, 1995.

Cyprus

Colombia maintains diplomatic relations with the Republic of Cyprus since January 25, 1966.

The Embassy of Colombia in Italy is concurrent to Cyprus and the Embassy of Cyprus in Mexico is concurrent to Colombia.

During the meeting of Foreign Minister Holguín with her Cypriot counterpart in September, 2010, a Memorandum of Understanding for the establishment of a Political Consultation Mechanism was signed, and as a result, mutual interests in seeking new matters for cooperation between Colombia and Cyprus were reiterated, particularly regarding tourism and the fight against the world drug problem, apart from strengthening the commercial relations in the area of tourism.

Denmark

Diplomatic relations between Denmark and Colombia were established on May 18, 1935. Bilateral matters are handled at our Embassy in Stockholm and through the Embassy of Denmark in Brasilia.

The bilateral relations are close and the last meeting at a high level was between former President Uribe and the Danish Prime Minister, Lars Lokke Rasmussen held on May 18, 2010 during the VI Summit EU-LAC. Recently, (in June, 2011) the European Director visited Copenhagen to discuss matters of interest and promote new topics of the bilateral agenda.  

The Government of Denmark has recognized the efforts and advances of Colombia in economic and social matters. Denmark is one of the countries registering Official Development Assistance to Colombia. There is great interest in increasing the presence of Denmark in Colombia as well of Colombia in Denmark at a commercial, academic and cultural level, among others. It is expected that Danish companies will invest once again in Colombia.

Among the main products exported from Colombia to Denmark are coal and coffee. We import machinery and equipment and basic chemicals.

The Economic, Industrial and Technological Convention is among the agreements signed with Denmark worth noting.

Slovakia

Colombia and Slovakia established diplomatic relations on January 1, 1993. Diplomatic and consular Slovak affairs with Colombia are handled since November 1, 2005 by the Slovakian Embassy in Brazil. Colombia does the same from the Embassy in Austria.

On March 30, 2006 the Consulate Ad Honorem from Slovakia was opened in Medellin. The Honorary Consul is Mr. Genaro Perez, President of Colanta. In 1999 the Honorary Consulate of Colombia was opened in Bratislava. Mr. Miroslav Behün is the present Honorary Consul.

Mr. Anton Siekel, a prominent businessman, has been the Honorary Consul of Colombia in Slovakia sin 2009. Mr. Siekel replaced Mr.Miroslav Behün.

Meetings and visits:

• Dec/2011 Visit of the Slovakian Ambassador to Brazil, concurrent to Colombia, Branislav Hitka, who met with the Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs, the Director for Europe and other national entities, such as the Ministry of Trade, the Ministry of National Defense and Proexport, in order to promote and boost economic relations and cooperation in subjects such as trade, defense, security and investment in our country.

• Nov/2011 Visit of the Honorary Consul of Colombia in Slovakia, Antón Siekel, who came with businesspersons and former Slovakian diplomats. Meetings were held to make contacts in entities such as Proexport, the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Tourism and the Directors for Europe and the Consular Section of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

• Meeting between Foreign Minister Bermudez and the Secretary of State, Olga Algayerová (EU-LAC Summit Madrid May/2010).

• Nov/2007 Visit to Colombia of the Minister of Agriculture, Miroslav Jureña. He visited the Colanta plants in Bogota and Medellin.

• Nov/2004 Official visit of Minister Carolina Barco, first visit of a Foreign Minister of Colombia to Slovakia. Foreign Minister Kukan stated support to President Uribe’s policies.

Main agreements in force:

• Conventions: Protocol on Consultations between Foreign Ministries, signed in Bogota on April 2, 1998.

Slovenia

On July, 2004 diplomatic relations were established between the two countries. Colombia handles diplomatic matters from its Embassy in Berlin and Slovenia from its Embassy in Argentina.

The Slovenian President, Danilo Türk, visited Colombia in April 2008 as President of the European Union. In the second semester of the same year, there was a meeting of Presidents within the framework of the 63^rd UN General Assembly. Likewise, the then Foreign Minister, Carolina Barco, visited Ljubljana in 2005; and in 2006 and 2007 ministerial meetings were held within the framework of the UN General Assembly. Likewise, Foreign Minister Fernando Araujo met with his Slovenian counterpart, Dimitrij Rupel.

Both parties signed in 2005 a Memorandum of Understanding to Establish a Political Consultation Mechanism.

Slovenia has significantly contributed to Colombia through a Demining and Landmine Victims Assistance Cooperation Convention. In the multilateral scenario, Colombia and Slovenia share positions in matters of common interest such as the fight against terrorism.   

The interest in strengthening the political dialogue with Slovenia was made visible in February 2011, during the bilateral meeting that took place between the Colombian Foreign Minister and the Slovenian Foreign Minister, Samuel Zbogar, in the framework of Colombia’s presentation at the UN’s Security Council in New York. Colombia announced there the granting of approval to the Slovenian Ambassador in Brazil concurrent to Colombia.

Likewise, in June, the Colombian Ambassador in Austria, concurrent to Slovenia, presented Letters of Credentials to the President of the Republic, who once again stated his interest in an official visit of President Santos to Slovenia. The President of Slovenia is well aware of the state of affairs in Colombia, as he served as Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations for Political Affairs, appointed by Secretary General Kofi Annan. 

Estonia

Colombia and Estonia established diplomatic relations on March 23, 1994. Both concurrent Embassies are in Poland.

In May, 2004 within the framework of the III EU-LAC Summit (Guadalajara), President Alvaro Uribe met with the Estonian Prime Minister, Mr. Juhan Parts.

Likewise, in February, 2006, Minister Carolina Barco made an official visit to Estonia during which she met with President Arnold Ruutel, with Prime Minister Andrus Ansin and with the Minister of Foreign Affairs Urmas Paet. During this visit, a bilateral Political Consultation mechanism was created; the organization of future meetings under such mechanism is pending. This country has supported the policies of the Government, particularly within the framework of the European Union.

Foreign Minister Urmas Paet, congratulated the Government of Colombia for the great achievements in its democratic security policy and confirmed its commitment to mutually cooperate in multilateral forums. President Arnold Ruutel and his Prime Minister, Andrus Ansip, reiterated their support within the framework of the European Union for the fight Colombia has waged against the world drug problem and terrorism.

Foreign Ministers of Colombia and Estonia had a meeting in September 2008 at the UN General Assembly.

Finland

Colombia established diplomatic relations with Finland on May 26, 1954. Bilateral relations with Finland are managed from our Embassy in Stockholm and through the Embassy of Finland in Lima.

The Finnish Government supports the policies and acknowledges the efforts of the National Government in consolidating democracy, the defense of human rights and achieving peace.

There is a Political Consultation Mechanism with Finland at a vice-ministerial level. The first one was held in Bogota in 2007 and the Deputy Secretary of Foreign Affairs of Finland, Mr. Pekka Huhtaniemi was present and headed his delegation. Among other matters, investments, trade and the process of selecting the Digital TV system were discussed. Another important visit was that of the Finnish Minister of the Environment who came to our country in 2009 exploring cooperation possibilities in the forestry area. The Second Meeting of the Political Consultation Mechanism took place in Helsinki on September 15. The Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mónica Lanzetta, attended.

Between September 28 and 30, Mr. Esko Hamilo, the Trade Undersecretary of Finland visited Colombia with a group of businesspersons interested in infrastructure issues.

An increase in trade between the two countries through their commercial missions from and to Colombia is expected.

Among the agreements signed with Finland, the Convention on economic, industrial and technological cooperation should be highlighted.

Greece

Colombia and Greece established diplomatic relations in the year 1942.

The Embassy of Colombia in Italy handles our affairs with Greece and the Embassy of Greece in Venezuela does as much for the Government of Colombia.

The last bilateral meeting took place in Bogota on April 11, 2007 upon the presentation of the Credentials of Ambassador, Ionannis Georgiadis.

A Memorandum of Understanding on Bilateral Political Consultations was signed in Brussels on November 28, 2009.

Support of Greece to the Colombian aspiration to be nominated for the period 2011-2012 of the Security Council is highlighted.

Regarding bilateral trade, for Colombia, Greece is the thirteenth commercial partner in the European Union in terms of exports. The main export products are thermal pit coal, untoasted and non-decaffeinated coffee, bonbons, caramels, candies, chewing gum, wooden furniture and carnations. We import books and printed matter, electrical connection or coupling devices, peaches and razor blades.

Hungary

Diplomatic relations with Hungary started on March 28, 1973, through the exchange of Notes between the Consulate General of Hungary in Bogota and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Colombia. It should be mentioned that relations existed since 1968 between the two countries at a Consulate Generals’ level.

Hungary is an extremely important country for Colombia within the strategy of approaching the new Member States of the European Union. The Hungarian Government has offered to represent the interests of Colombia before the rest of the members of the European Union and to support the initiatives regarding the fight against terrorism, traffic of weapons and narcotic drugs.

There is a Political Consultation Mechanism created by the “Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Colombia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Hungary for the establishment of a Political Consultation Mechanism on matters of mutual interest” signed on May 30, 2005 in Budapest.

Meetings and visits:

• In Sep/2011, the Director for Europe, Mr. Alfonso Soria Mendoza, held a bilateral political consultation meeting at the Directors’ level in Budapest. The Non-Resident Ambassador of Colombia in Austria, concurrent to Hungary, General Freddy Padilla de León, attended as well.
• On Sep/08 Foreign Minister Bermudez met in New York with the Hungarian Foreign Minister during the UN General Assembly.
• On Nov 29/07 The Minister of Foreign Affairs Fernando Araujo and the Hungarian Ambassador, Mr. Pál Varga Koritár, signed in Bogota the Educational and Cultural Program between the two countries for the period 2006-2010.
• On Sep/06 Minister Araujo met with the Hungarian Foreign Minister in New York within the framework of the UN General Assembly.
• On May, 2005, Minister Barco made an official visit to Budapest, during which the Regular Consultation Mechanism was signed.
• February 7, 2005, Meeting of the Vice-Minister of Foreign Affairs of Colombia Camilo Reyes with the Political Secretary of State for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary, András Bársony was held.

Main Agreements in Force:

• Technical and Scientific Cooperation and Mutual Assistance Convention: in force since July 1970. 
• Cultural and Scientific Cooperation Convention, in force since 1982.
• Exchange of Notes for the elimination of visas in diplomatic, official and service passports signed on December 15, 1991. In force for Colombia since January 15, 1992.  
• Cooperation Agreement between the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of the Republic of Colombia and the Ministry of Agriculture and Regional Development of the Republic of Hungary, signed in Bogota in 2001, for two years and automatically extended.
• Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Colombia and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Republic of Hungary to establish a Political Consultation Mechanism on matters of mutual interest, signed in Budapest on May 30, 2005.

Ireland

Colombia and Ireland established diplomatic relations on November 10, 1999. To date, the relations with that country are handled by our Embassy in London.

The Head of Mission travels permanently in order to maintain a close and privileged dialogue with the mentioned country. Likewise, frequent high level visits are received by members of Parliament, members of Government and representatives from the Embassy of Ireland in Mexico (handling the affairs for Colombia).

Colombia seeks to develop a renewed and extensive agenda with Ireland, emphasizing the promotion of foreign trade and investment, promoting political arrangements and fostering educational, scientific and cultural cooperation in order to contribute to the prosperity of both countries.

Ireland is a key partner to ratify the Free Trade Agreement with the European Union and an ally for the admittance to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development). Apart from the above, Colombia and Ireland maintain a regular dialogue regarding multilateral matters.

Ireland shows constant interest in matters of human rights and may become an ally in the implementation of the Law of Victims and Land Restitution. In addition, Ireland offers cooperation to Colombia through the CAFOD (Catholic Overseas Development Agency) and Christian Aid. The country could become a sponsor for the implementation of the Victims Land Restitution Law. 

Latvia

Diplomatic relations were established in 1995, after acknowledgement by Colombia in 1991 of the restoration of the independence due to the dissolution of the USSR.

On February 1, 2006, Minister Carolina Barco visited that country and met with President Vaira Vike-Freiberga, the first woman to hold that position in central-eastern Europe; with them were Prime Minister, Aigars Kalvītis; and Foreign Affairs Minister, Artis Pabriks.

This was the first visit by a South American Minister of any branch to the Baltic countries. The Government of Latvia declared its support to this Government’s security policies.

Additionally, between August and November, 2007, a business mission from Latvia visited Colombia in order to attract a general offer of Colombia products as well as investments in real estate and construction development projects.

Likewise, a Memorandum of Understanding was signed for the Establishment of a Political Consultation Mechanism on Matters of Mutual Interest, signed during the official visit of Minister Carolina Barco to Latvia in January, 2006, with the purpose of strengthening bilateral and cooperation relations.

In September, 2008, a meeting was held with the Latvian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Maris Riekstins within the framework of the UN General Assembly.

Lithuania

Colombia and Lithuania established diplomatic relations on August 5, 1993.

Visits and meetings

• May 13, 2009, meeting of Foreign Minister Bermudez with the Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lithuania, Mrs. Asta Skaisgiryte, during the XIV Rio Group-EU Ministerial Meeting of the in Prague.
• On 31/01/06, Minister Carolina Barco officially visited Lithuania, where important matters for bilateral relations and the will of Lithuania to specifically support the cooperation programs of the EU with Colombia were discussed.
• On 21/09/04, the Lithuanian Foreign Minister met with Minister Barco at the UN 59^th General Assembly and stated the interest of Lithuania, as a member of the EU, to support Colombia to reach the Agreement with the EU.

Conventions signed

• Cultural Cooperation Agreement signed in 1995. In force from August 20, 2001.
• Memorandum of Understanding establishing a bilateral political consultation mechanism in matters of mutual interest. Signed on January 31, 2006.

Malta

Colombia and the Republic of Malta established diplomatic relations in 1986.

The Embassy of Colombia to the Government of Italy is concurrent to the Government of the Republic of Malta. Likewise, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Malta directly deals with the bilateral matters with the Government of Colombia.

Although within the bilateral relations a Political Consultation Mechanism has not been established, Colombia has maintained an ongoing relation with the Republic of Malta during Malta’s permanence at the NAM.

Likewise, the Republic of Malta has great importance regarding the political dialogue within the framework of the European Union and multilateral forums.

Poland

Diplomatic relations between Colombia and Poland were established in 1931. On February 8, 1967 the agreement on the establishment of Polish-Colombian consular relations was completed. On July 28, 1969 a joint communiqué was signed on the restoration of diplomatic relations between Poland and Colombia.

Traditionally, the relations have been marked by understanding. Since its entry to the European Union in 2004, Poland has supported the interests of the Colombian Government regarding political and economic matters. It has supported the cooperation programs with the European institutions.

It is worth noting that between July 1^st and December 31^st, 2011, Poland held the Presidency of the EU for the first time in history.

Throughout 2011, many activities were carried out and many meetings, consultations and forums took place. All of them constituted opportunities for Colombia to forge relations and position a diversified and positive foreign policy with non-traditional partners.

It should be highlighted that there has been an ongoing exchange through official and high level visits between the two countries.

Main meetings and visits:   

• A videoconference on Poland’s experience at the EU’s Presidency was held in October 2011
• Ambassador Victoria González Ariza was appointed the new Head of the Diplomatic Mission in Warsaw in September 2011.
• Visit of the Vice-Minister of Multilateral Affairs, Adriana Mejía in March, 2010.
• Visit of Vice-president Francisco Santos in October, 2009.
• Visit of a Polish business delegation in October, 2009, headed by the Vice-Minister of Trade, Mr. Dariusz Bogdan.
• Meeting between Vice-president Francisco Santos and the Prime Minister of Poland, Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, during the LAC-EU Summit held in Vienna in May 2006. Meeting between President Alvaro Uribe and Prime Minister Donald Tusk during the V LAC-EU Summit in Lima, in May, 2008.
• The Minister of the Environment, Housing and Territorial Development, Juan Lozano headed the delegation participating in the 14^th UN Conference on Climate Change held in Poznan in December 2008.
• Political Consultation Mechanism between Foreign Vice-Ministers, the last meeting of which was held in Bogota on May 2007, reiterating the support of Poland to the interests of Colombia at the European Union. Likewise, the progress made in the negotiation of several cooperation agreements in educational, cultural, customs and transfer of technology in agricultural and mining matters was addressed. In addition, the parties agreed to work jointly in strengthening and diversifying the trade exchange through business missions to be carried out in both countries.
• Visit of President Aleksander Kwasniewski to Colombia, 2002, during which a Joint Declaration was signed committing both Governments to foster bilateral political, economic and trade relations. More than 50 businessmen came with the Delegation.

Main conventions and agreements in force:

• Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Poland, signed in 1967, in force from 1972.
• Additional Protocol to the Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Poland,  signed in 1970, in force from 1972.
• Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the People’s Republic of Poland on Cooperation in the field of coal mining, copper mineral and phosphoric rock and the energetic industry”, signed in Bogota and in force since 1985.
• Cultural and Scientific Exchange Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Poland,  signed in 1981, in force from 1983.
• “Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministries of Defense on Military, Technical and Industrial Cooperation”, signed in Bogota on July 29, 2010, enforced on August 29, 2010. Assists in participating in bids to purchase weapons and military equipment made by the Colombian Government.
• “Memorandum of Understanding between the Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development of Colombia and Poland”. Apart from the cooperation in several topics of bilateral interests, this memorandum emphasizes cooperation in research and production of natural fibers, as a first step for an alternative development project with technology transfer from the Institute of Natural Fiber of Poznan. Signed during the visit of Vice-president Santos to Poland in October, 2009.

The Netherlands

Colombia and The Netherlands established diplomatic relations in 1829. This bilateral relation has become closer and more dynamic by virtue of the different agreements signed. Both States have their diplomatic representations in Bogota and The Hague, respectively.   

The two States maintain an active political dialogue complemented by the meetings of the Bilateral Political Consultation Mechanisms at the level of Vice-Ministers of Foreign Affairs. The last meeting of the above between Colombia and the Kingdom of The Netherlands took place in Bogota, on March 26, 2007.

Colombia is a very interesting market for Dutch businessmen because it is rapidly going global.

During the past 40 years bilateral cooperation for development has been an important part of the Dutch presence in Colombia. The Kingdom of The Netherlands has kept its cooperation in areas of great interest for Colombia: renewable energies, the environment and water management.

Last June 29, 2011, the Colombia-The Netherlands Water Forum was held in Bogota, the purpose of which was to prepare the country to face the rain-related phenomena through the application of a comprehensive policy dealing with the water resources applied to the Colombian deltas and basins.

Between November 18 and 22, 2011, the Prime Minister of Aruba, Michiel Godfried Eman, made a visit to Colombia including a meeting with the Governor of the department of Guajira, Jorge Eduardo Pérez Barnier, accompanied by the Ambassador of the Netherlands, Marion Kappeyne Van de Coppello. The objective of the academic and cultural visit was to restore the brotherhood ties that, in other times, the capital of the department had with the islands of the Caribbean, formerly known as the Netherland Antilles.

The Colombian Ambassador to the Royal Netherlands, Eduardo Pizarro Leongómez, took office before the Vice-Minister of Multilateral Affairs, Patti Londoño, in charge of the office of the Minister, on December 2, 2011.

Main conventions and agreements:

• Agreement between Colombia and The Netherlands on Technical Cooperation.
• Exchange of Notes for an Agreement to amend Article IV of the Technical Cooperation Agreement on July 19, 1959.
• Agreement relating to the supply of Dutch volunteers to work in Colombia.
• Cultural Relations Treaty.
• Economic and Technological Cooperation Agreement.
• Friendship, Navigation and Trade Treaty.

Portugal

The Governments of Portugal and Colombia established diplomatic relations since 1857, with diplomatic representations in both countries.

There have been joint actions developed throughout the years with Portugal towards strengthening bilateral relations, among them the establishment of a Political Consultation Mechanism.

Colombia is seeking to boost its exports offer to Portugal, bringing in new investments and fostering tourism and therefore high level visits are being held. Likewise, with the purpose of reinforcing the business ties and increase economic relations, the Ministries of the branch recently signed a Memorandum of Understanding in Economic Cooperation as well as the Agencia para la Inversión y Comercio Exterior de Portugal (Agency for Investment and External Trade of Portugal) – AICEP and Proexport Colombia signed a Cooperation Protocol in April 2010 which allows for joint activities to strengthen the commercial relations between the two countries.  Portugal also supports the Free Trade Agreement of Colombia with the EU.

Cooperation is being developed within the Framework of the Technical and Scientific Cooperation Agreement between Colombia and Portugal signed in 1988. Some of the most recent projects to be highlighted include that of organized migrations, which made it possible for almost a hundred Colombian professionals to work in Portugal this year.

In the cultural field, the Framework Agreement for Culture, Education and Sports was signed in Lisbon on January 8, 2007 within which the initiative of exchange of language teachers operates.

The meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Colombia and Portugal took place on November 2. On this occasion, the Ministers reviewed the bilateral agenda and multilateral issues, particularly those of the Security Council where both countries are Non Permanent Members.

Main agreements in force:

• Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Portugal and the Government of the Republic of Colombia.
• Scientific and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Instituto Colombiano de Energía Eléctrica –ICEL (Colombian institute for Electric Power) and Electricity in Portugal.
• Trade Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Portugal.
• Agreement on cultural and educational cooperation between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Portugal.
• Cooperation Agreement in the field of tourism between the Republic of Colombia and the Republic of Portugal.
• Memorandum of Understanding in Political and Technical consultations.
• Economic cooperation agreement.
• Cooperation Protocol between the Agencia para la Inversión y Comercio Exterior de Portugal AICEP and Proexport Colombia.

Romania

Colombia and Romania established their diplomatic relations on November 15, 1967. Once Romania entered the European Union in January, 2007, Colombia fostered its rapprochement to that country as a strategic ally at a political and economic level. Romania has supported the policies of the Government, particularly within the framework of the European Union.

Foreign Minister Jaime Bermudez met with Mr. Doru Costea, Secretary of State for Global Matters within the framework of the XIV Rio Group-UE Ministerial Meeting in May, 2009.

During the III International Conference on Colombia in November, 2007, the country welcomed the participation of an outstanding Romanian delegation. On this occasion, a bilateral meeting was organized. It covered topics such as the growth and diversification of the trade exchange, tourism and investment; mutual interest in strengthening and diversification of the cultural, technical and educational cooperation; support at a bilateral level and with the European Union on the policies for the National Government, particularly in matters of peace, human rights, demobilization, alternative development and fight against terrorism.  

Regarding Political Consultations at the level of the Vice-Ministers of Foreign Affairs, the last meeting was held in Bucharest on May 17, 2005.

An Economic Mission made up of 15 small and medium-sized Romanian companies visited Colombia from November 6 - 9, 2011. Said mission was organized by the Ministry the Economy, Trade and Business Means of Romania and a business forum was set up with the support of ACOPI (Colombian Association of Small and Medium-Sized Companies).

Main agreements in force:

• Economic and Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania signed in Bogota on September 6, 1968. Approved in Colombia by Law 22, 1970.
• Technical, Scientific and Technological Cooperation Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Romania. Signed in Bucharest on April 10, 1994. Approved in Colombia by Law 381, July 10, 1997. Declared enforceable by the Constitutional Court in Sentence C-042 of February 25, 1998.
• General Friendship and Cooperation Agreement between the Republic of Colombia and Romania signed in Bogota on August 5, 1993.
• Cultural and Scientific Cooperation Convention signed in Bogota on October 18, 1968. Approved by Law 22, 1974.
• Veterinary Health Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania signed in Bogota on September 12, 1973. Approved in Colombia by Law 38, 1982.
• Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania. Signed in Bucharest, on April 21, 1987.
• Trade and Payment Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Socialist Republic of Romania, signed in Bogota on September 25, 1968.
• Trade Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Colombia and the Government of the Republic of Romania, signed in Bucharest on July 31, 1997. In force since September 17, 2000.
• Agreement in the Tourism Field, signed on September 19, 1991.
• Exchange of Notes for agreement on elimination of visas between the Government of Colombia and the Government of Romania; signed on August 5, 1993.

Sweden

Colombia established diplomatic relations with the Kingdom of Sweden on December 11, 1874. Our country has an Embassy in Stockholm for bilateral relations and there is a Swedish Embassy in Bogota.

Relations between the two countries have been continuous and close. The Swedish Government has acknowledged the results and efforts of the Colombian Government in its quest for peace, which have been supported by this European country. Sweden maintains a close financial and technical cooperation with Colombia, making it the sixth country in importance regarding international cooperation.

The 13^th country for Colombia’s exports to the EU in 2010 was Sweden and it was the 8^th supplier of imported goods for the mentioned bloc. In the bilateral exchange, basic products of the Colombian exports offer, and high technology industrial products in Sweden’s sales, are predominant. During the past three years, the value of Colombian exports has reduced, thus increasing the deficit in trade with Sweden.

On September 12, the Swedish Secretary of Trade, Mr. Gunnar Oom visited Colombia along with a delegation of businesspersons interested in making business contacts in our country.